We often teach our students about adjectives of feelings or emotions that can be formed with -ed to describe people and -ing to describe the things that cause feelings and emotions.
Frightened and frightened are good examples:
The noises were frightening. / It was dark, and I was scared.
The same pattern works for the more emphatic adjectives terrified and terrifying:
The storm was threatening. / She’s afraid of dogs.
However, we do not use this pattern for scared or afraid. Something that makes us nervous is scary , and there is no related adjective for afraid:
The high waves were terrifying. / He’s scared of the dark.
I’m afraid of flying.
Scared, frightened and terrified all have related verbs: scare, frighten, and terrify:
Don’t shout – you’ll frighten the children.
The masks were designed to terrify their enemies.
However, there is no verb associated with afraid.
Scared, frightened, and afraid are probably the most common adjectives to describe feeling fear, but if you want to broaden your vocabulary, there are many other valuable alternatives.
Petrified is a powerful word, and also has the corresponding word petrifying:
Jumping out of the plane was petrifying. / I was petrified.
We often make the word scared stronger by saying we are scared stiff, and if someone is so afraid that they cannot think clearly and do not know what to do, we can say that they are panic-stricken.
If someone is slightly afraid of something that will happen in the future, we could describe them as apprehensive. A timid person is shy and nervous, while a more negative word for someone who is not brave is cowardly, usually implying that they were too scared to do what was morally right.
Finally, there are several colourful idioms and phrases we use to describe feelings of fear. We can say that our hair stood on end or that we were shaking in our shoes, quaking in our boots or shaking like a leaf. We can say that our heart was hammering, our heart was in our mouth, or we broke out in a cold sweat. We could say that our blood ran out from severe and extreme fear.